Plant and Animal Biotechnology

Industrial Applications of Plant and Animal Biotechnology

Plant and animal biotechnology plays a crucial role in various industries, including agriculture, medicine, environmental science, and food production. Below are some key industrial applications:

1. Agricultural Biotechnology

🔹 Genetically Modified (GM) Crops – Crops like Bt cotton and golden rice are genetically engineered for pest resistance and enhanced nutrition.
🔹 Tissue Culture – Used to rapidly propagate disease-resistant and high-yielding plants.
🔹 Animal Cloning – Cloning techniques (e.g., Dolly the sheep) help in preserving superior livestock breeds.

2. Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications

🔹 Biopharmaceuticals – Animals and plants are genetically engineered to produce medicines like insulin, vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies.
🔹 Gene Therapy – Used to treat genetic disorders by modifying genes in human cells.
🔹 Xenotransplantation – Animal organs (like pig hearts) are modified for human transplants.

3. Environmental Applications

🔹 Bioremediation – Genetically modified plants and bacteria help clean up oil spills and heavy metal contamination.
🔹 Drought and Pest-Resistant Crops – Helps in sustainable agriculture by reducing pesticide and water usage.

4. Food Industry

🔹 Genetically Engineered Animals – Salmon modified for faster growth provides a stable seafood supply.
🔹 Plant-Based Alternatives – Biotechnology aids in developing plant-based meats like Impossible Burger.
🔹 Dairy Industry – Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) increases milk production in cows.

5. Industrial and Biofuel Applications

🔹 Biofuels – Algae and modified plants produce bioethanol and biodiesel as renewable energy sources.
🔹 Enzyme Production – Industrial enzymes derived from plants and animals help in textile, detergent, and paper industries.

Conclusion

Plant and animal biotechnology enhances food security, healthcare, and environmental sustainability. However, ethical concerns and regulatory challenges require careful oversight to ensure safe and responsible use.

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What is required Plant and Animal Biotechnology

What is Required for Plant and Animal Biotechnology?

Plant and animal biotechnology involves the use of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms for various applications. To successfully develop and implement biotechnology in these fields, several key requirements must be met:

1. Scientific Knowledge and Research

🔹 Genetics and Molecular Biology – Understanding DNA, genes, and their functions in plants and animals.
🔹 Biochemistry and Microbiology – Studying cellular processes and how microorganisms interact with plants and animals.
🔹 Tissue Culture Techniques – Used for cloning and regenerating plants and animal cells.
🔹 CRISPR and Genetic Engineering – Tools for precise genome editing.

2. Advanced Technology and Tools

🔹 Bioreactors – Used for mass production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and bio-products.
🔹 DNA Sequencing Machines – Essential for genetic analysis and modifications.
🔹 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – Helps in DNA amplification for research and diagnostics.
🔹 Bioinformatics Software – Analyzing genetic data for better modifications.

3. Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Guidelines

🔹 Approval from Regulatory Bodies – Such as the FDA, USDA, or EFSA for genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
🔹 Ethical Considerations – Ensuring animal welfare and sustainable agricultural practices.
🔹 Environmental Safety Standards – Preventing ecological imbalances from genetically modified plants/animals.

4. Infrastructure and Funding

🔹 Biotech Research Labs – Facilities with specialized equipment for genetic modification.
🔹 Greenhouses and Test Farms – For conducting field trials of genetically modified crops.
🔹 Financial Investment – Government and private sector funding for research and product development.

5. Skilled Workforce

🔹 Biotechnologists and Genetic Engineers – Experts in gene editing and molecular biology.
🔹 Agricultural Scientists – Focus on improving crop yield and livestock breeding.
🔹 Veterinarians and Animal Scientists – Ensure animal health in biotechnology applications.

6. Public Awareness and Acceptance

🔹 Education on Benefits & Risks – Informing the public about GMOs, biotech medicine, and food safety.
🔹 Transparent Labeling & Policies – Ensuring consumers have choices regarding biotech products.
🔹 Sustainable Practices – Promoting eco-friendly biotechnology solutions.

Conclusion

Successful plant and animal biotechnology requires scientific research, cutting-edge tools, regulatory approval, skilled professionals, and ethical responsibility. Meeting these requirements ensures that biotech innovations benefit agriculture, healthcare, and the environment while maintaining public trust and safety.

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Who is required Plant and Animal Biotechnology

Who Requires Plant and Animal Biotechnology?

Plant and animal biotechnology is essential for various industries, organizations, and professionals involved in agriculture, medicine, environmental protection, and food production. The following groups rely on biotechnology to improve efficiency, sustainability, and innovation:

1. Agricultural Sector

🔹 Farmers and Agribusinesses – Use genetically modified (GM) crops for higher yields, pest resistance, and climate adaptability.
🔹 Livestock Breeders – Apply biotechnology for animal breeding, disease resistance, and improved productivity.
🔹 Agrochemical Companies – Develop bio-based fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically enhanced seeds.

2. Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Industry

🔹 Biopharmaceutical Companies – Develop vaccines, insulin, and gene therapy treatments using biotechnology.
🔹 Veterinarians and Animal Health Experts – Use biotech solutions for disease control and animal genetic engineering.
🔹 Medical Researchers – Study genetic diseases and create biotechnology-based treatments.

3. Environmental and Conservation Organizations

🔹 Environmental Scientists – Use biotechnology for bioremediation (cleaning up pollutants) and biodiversity conservation.
🔹 Wildlife Conservationists – Apply cloning and genetic studies to save endangered species.
🔹 Government Agencies (EPA, USDA, etc.) – Regulate biotechnology applications to ensure ecological safety.

4. Food and Beverage Industry

🔹 Food Manufacturers – Use biotech-derived enzymes and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for food production.
🔹 Dairy and Meat Producers – Implement biotechnology to enhance milk production and meat quality.
🔹 Plant-Based and Alternative Protein Companies – Develop lab-grown meat and dairy alternatives.

5. Research Institutions and Universities

🔹 Biotechnologists and Genetic Engineers – Conduct research on gene editing, cloning, and plant/animal improvements.
🔹 Universities and Academic Institutions – Train students and conduct experiments on biotechnology applications.
🔹 Government Research Labs – Develop sustainable biotech solutions for agriculture, medicine, and energy.

6. Energy and Industrial Sectors

🔹 Biofuel Companies – Use genetically modified algae and plants to produce renewable energy sources.
🔹 Textile and Paper Industries – Apply biotechnology to develop eco-friendly materials.
🔹 Chemical and Enzyme Producers – Manufacture biotech-based industrial enzymes for cleaning, brewing, and textile processing.

Conclusion

Plant and animal biotechnology is required by farmers, scientists, healthcare professionals, environmentalists, food manufacturers, and industrial sectors to drive innovation and sustainability. These advancements contribute to food security, medical progress, environmental conservation, and industrial efficiency.

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When is required Plant and Animal Biotechnology

When is Plant and Animal Biotechnology Required?

Plant and animal biotechnology is required in various situations where traditional methods of agriculture, medicine, and environmental management are insufficient or inefficient. Below are key scenarios where biotechnology plays a crucial role:

1. Food Security and Agricultural Sustainability

📌 When there is a need to increase crop yield – To feed a growing global population, biotechnology helps develop high-yield and disease-resistant crops.
📌 During pest and disease outbreaks – Genetically modified (GM) crops and disease-resistant livestock ensure stable food production.
📌 In response to climate change – Biotechnology creates drought-tolerant and salt-resistant crops for extreme weather conditions.

2. Disease Prevention and Medical Advancements

📌 During disease outbreaks in animals and humans – Biotechnology is used to develop vaccines (e.g., avian flu vaccines for poultry).
📌 For genetic disorders and rare diseases – Gene therapy and stem cell research provide treatments for inherited conditions.
📌 When natural sources of medicine are insufficient – Biopharmaceuticals like insulin (produced using genetically engineered bacteria) provide mass availability.

3. Environmental Protection and Sustainability

📌 When ecosystems are threatened by pollution – Bioremediation uses genetically modified plants and bacteria to clean up toxic spills.
📌 During conservation efforts – Endangered species benefit from cloning and genetic preservation techniques.
📌 To reduce chemical pollution in farming – GM crops minimize the need for pesticides and fertilizers, lowering environmental damage.

4. Food and Industrial Production

📌 When alternative protein sources are needed – Lab-grown meat and plant-based proteins help meet global meat demand sustainably.
📌 To improve food shelf life and quality – Genetically modified foods have enhanced nutritional value and longer preservation periods.
📌 For eco-friendly industrial processes – Biotech-derived enzymes replace harsh chemicals in detergents, textiles, and paper production.

5. Energy Production and Climate Change Mitigation

📌 When fossil fuels are being depleted – Biofuels (like ethanol from GM crops) provide renewable energy alternatives.
📌 To develop sustainable energy sources – Algae-based biofuels and genetically engineered plants reduce carbon footprints.

Conclusion

Plant and animal biotechnology is required whenever traditional methods are inadequate—whether for food security, disease control, environmental conservation, industrial applications, or energy production. By leveraging biotechnology, industries and governments can enhance sustainability, efficiency, and innovation.

courtesy : PW IIT JAM & CSIR NET

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Where is required Plant and Animal Biotechnology

Where is Plant and Animal Biotechnology Required?

Plant and animal biotechnology is required in various sectors and geographic regions where food security, healthcare, environmental sustainability, and industrial efficiency are crucial. Below are the key areas where biotechnology plays an important role:

1. Agriculture and Farming

📍 Developing countries with food insecurity – Biotechnology helps increase crop yields and livestock productivity.
📍 Regions affected by climate change – Drought-resistant and flood-tolerant crops are needed in areas facing extreme weather.
📍 Pest- and disease-prone regions – Genetically modified (GM) crops and livestock help prevent agricultural losses.
📍 Commercial farming and agribusiness – High-tech farms use biotech solutions for enhanced food production.

2. Medical and Pharmaceutical Industry

📍 Hospitals and research institutions – Biotechnology is used to develop vaccines, gene therapy, and personalized medicine.
📍 Countries with high rates of genetic diseases – Gene editing and biopharmaceuticals provide solutions for inherited disorders.
📍 Veterinary medicine facilities – Biotechnology helps in animal health diagnostics, treatment, and disease prevention.

3. Environmental Conservation and Sustainability

📍 Polluted regions needing bioremediation – Genetically modified bacteria and plants clean up oil spills, heavy metals, and plastic waste.
📍 Endangered species habitats – Biotechnology supports wildlife conservation and genetic preservation programs.
📍 Forestry and deforestation-affected areas – Tissue culture and genetic engineering assist in reforestation and timber production.

4. Food and Beverage Industry

📍 Food processing and manufacturing plants – Biotechnology improves food quality, preservation, and nutritional value.
📍 Dairy and meat production facilities – Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) enhance milk production and livestock growth.
📍 Countries promoting alternative proteins – Biotechnology is used to create lab-grown meat and plant-based proteins.

5. Energy and Industrial Sectors

📍 Biofuel production plants – Algae-based biofuels and GM crops help create sustainable energy sources.
📍 Textile, paper, and detergent industries – Biotech enzymes are used to make eco-friendly products.
📍 Regions investing in renewable energy – Biotechnology helps reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

6. Research and Academic Institutions

📍 Biotechnology labs and universities – Conduct studies on genetic engineering, cloning, and molecular biology.
📍 Government research centers – Develop biotech-based solutions for agriculture, health, and industry.
📍 Private biotech firms and startups – Innovate in genetic modification, bioengineering, and synthetic biology.

Conclusion

Plant and animal biotechnology is required globally—from farms and medical labs to industries and conservation programs. Whether improving food security, healthcare, environmental protection, or sustainable energy, biotechnology plays a critical role in modern science and industry.

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How is required Plant and Animal Biotechnology

How is Plant and Animal Biotechnology Required?

Plant and animal biotechnology is required through various scientific techniques, policies, and industry applications to address challenges in agriculture, healthcare, environmental sustainability, and industrial processes. Below are key aspects of how biotechnology is required and implemented:

1. Genetic Modification and Engineering

🔹 How it is required – To develop high-yield, disease-resistant, and climate-tolerant crops and livestock.
🔹 Examples:

Genetically Modified (GM) crops like Bt cotton and Golden Rice to improve pest resistance and nutrition.
- CRISPR gene editing for breeding livestock with better meat quality and disease resistance.

2. Disease Prevention and Control

🔹 How it is required – To create vaccines, antibiotics, and treatments for plant, animal, and human diseases.
🔹 Examples:

Animal biotechnology helps develop vaccines for livestock (e.g., foot-and-mouth disease vaccine).
- Plant-based pharmaceuticals produce drugs like insulin and antibodies for human medicine.

3. Environmental Sustainability and Bioremediation

🔹 How it is required – To reduce pollution, conserve biodiversity, and develop eco-friendly farming practices.
🔹 Examples:

Bioremediation – Using genetically engineered bacteria to clean oil spills and toxic waste.
- Biofertilizers and biopesticides reduce chemical usage in agriculture.

4. Food Security and Alternative Food Sources

🔹 How it is required – To meet the growing demand for nutritious, safe, and sustainable food production.
🔹 Examples:

Lab-grown meat and plant-based proteins reduce dependence on traditional livestock farming.
- Biotech-enhanced dairy and eggs improve shelf life and nutritional value.

5. Industrial Applications and Biofuels

🔹 How it is required – To produce renewable energy, biodegradable materials, and industrial enzymes.
🔹 Examples:

Algae-based biofuels reduce carbon emissions and fossil fuel dependence.
- Biotech-derived enzymes improve efficiency in detergents, paper, and textile industries.

6. Research and Policy Implementation

🔹 How it is required – Through scientific research, government regulations, and industry collaborations.
🔹 Examples:

Regulatory frameworks (e.g., FDA, USDA, WHO) ensure safe biotech applications.
- Academic and corporate research advance plant and animal biotechnology solutions.

Conclusion

Plant and animal biotechnology is required through scientific innovations, research, and industry practices to solve global challenges in food production, healthcare, sustainability, and industrial development. The combination of genetic engineering, disease control, biofuels, and environmental conservation ensures a sustainable and efficient future.

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Case Study on Plant and Animal Biotechnology

Case Study: The Role of Plant and Animal Biotechnology in Food Security and Sustainability

Introduction

Plant and animal biotechnology play a critical role in addressing global challenges related to food security, climate change, and sustainable agriculture. This case study explores how biotechnology has been applied to genetically modified (GM) crops and livestock improvements to enhance productivity, disease resistance, and environmental sustainability.

Case 1: Golden Rice – A Solution to Vitamin A Deficiency

Background

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health issue, especially in developing countries, leading to blindness and weakened immune systems. Traditional rice varieties lack vitamin A, contributing to malnutrition.

Biotechnology Solution

Scientists developed Golden Rice, a genetically modified variety enriched with beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. The rice was engineered by inserting genes from maize and a soil bacterium (Pantoea ananatis) to produce beta-carotene in the edible part of the rice.

Impact

✅ Reduces Vitamin A deficiency in regions where rice is a staple food.
✅ Offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution to malnutrition.
✅ Approved for cultivation and consumption in several countries, including the Philippines.

Case 2: Disease-Resistant Livestock – PRRS-Resistant Pigs

Background

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a highly infectious disease affecting pigs, causing significant economic losses in the pork industry worldwide. Traditional vaccines have limited effectiveness.

Biotechnology Solution

Scientists used CRISPR gene-editing technology to modify pigs by deleting a specific gene (CD163) that the PRRS virus uses to infect cells. These gene-edited pigs are resistant to the virus without affecting their growth or reproduction.

Impact

✅ Prevents major economic losses in pig farming.
✅ Reduces the need for antibiotics and vaccines, promoting sustainable livestock management.
✅ Approved in some regions, paving the way for future disease-resistant livestock.

Case 3: Bt Cotton – A Biotech Solution for Pest Control

Background

Cotton farming suffers from significant yield losses due to pest attacks, particularly from the bollworm. Excessive pesticide use leads to environmental damage and health risks.

Biotechnology Solution

Bt Cotton is genetically engineered to express a protein from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is toxic to bollworms but safe for humans and other animals.

Impact

✅ Reduced pesticide use, lowering environmental and health risks.
✅ Increased crop yields, leading to better farmer income.
✅ Successfully adopted in India, China, and the U.S., contributing to sustainable cotton production.

Conclusion

Plant and animal biotechnology offer transformative solutions to food security, sustainable agriculture, and disease resistance. Innovations such as Golden Rice, PRRS-resistant pigs, and Bt cotton demonstrate how genetic engineering can address pressing global challenges.

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White Paper on Plant and Animal Biotechnology

I’ve drafted a white paper on Plant and Animal Biotechnology, covering key advancements, challenges, and future directions. Let me know if you’d like any refinements or additional details! 😊

Industrial Application on Plant and Animal Biotechnology

White Paper on Plant and Animal Biotechnology

Abstract Plant and animal biotechnology have revolutionized agriculture, medicine, and environmental sustainability. This white paper explores the latest advancements, challenges, and future directions in biotechnology, emphasizing its role in food security, disease resistance, and sustainable development.

1. Introduction Plant and animal biotechnology involve the application of genetic engineering, molecular biology, and other scientific techniques to improve crop yields, livestock productivity, and environmental sustainability. With the global population expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, biotechnology offers essential solutions to address food security, climate change, and public health challenges.

2. Key Developments in Plant Biotechnology

2.1 Genetically Modified (GM) Crops

GM crops have been developed to improve resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. Examples include:

Bt Cotton: Engineered with Bacillus thuringiensis genes for pest resistance.
- Golden Rice: Enriched with beta-carotene to combat Vitamin A deficiency.
  - Drought-Tolerant Maize: Engineered for resilience in water-scarce regions.

2.2 Gene Editing Technologies

CRISPR-Cas9 has enabled precise modifications in plant genomes, enhancing nutritional value and reducing allergens in crops such as wheat and soybeans.

2.3 Biofortification

Biofortification increases the nutrient content of crops through genetic modification, improving public health outcomes. Notable examples include iron-enriched beans and zinc-enhanced rice.

3. Key Developments in Animal Biotechnology

3.1 Disease-Resistant Livestock

CRISPR technology has produced disease-resistant animals, such as pigs resistant to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), reducing economic losses in agriculture.

3.2 Cloning and Reproductive Technologies

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) cloning techniques have been used to replicate high-performing livestock, ensuring consistent productivity and disease resistance.

3.3 Lab-Grown Meat

Cultured meat, derived from animal cells without slaughter, presents a sustainable alternative to traditional livestock farming, reducing environmental impact and ethical concerns.

4. Environmental and Economic Impact

4.1 Sustainable Agriculture

Reduction in pesticide and herbicide use through pest-resistant crops.
- Conservation of water resources through drought-resistant crops.
  - Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions via sustainable livestock practices.

4.2 Economic Benefits

Increased yields and profitability for farmers.
- Reduced costs of disease treatment in livestock.
  - E xpansion of biotech-driven markets and job creation.

5. Industrial Applications of Plant and Animal Biotechnology

5.1 Pharmaceutical Industry

Biopharmaceuticals: Production of medicines like insulin and vaccines using genetically modified plants and animals.
- Gene Therapy: Use of biotech-modified animals for developing advanced gene-based treatments.

5.2 Agricultural Industry

Precision Farming: Integration of biotech crops with AI and IoT for optimized agricultural practices.
- Sustainable Pest Control: Use of biopesticides derived from genetically modified organisms.

5.3 Food Industry

Fortified Foods: Development of biofortified crops to enhance nutritional content.
- Alternative Proteins: Lab-grown meat and plant-based meat substitutes for sustainable food production.

5.4 Environmental Biotechnology

Bioremediation: Use of genetically engineered plants and microbes to clean up pollutants.
- Carbon Sequestration: Development of bioengineered plants to absorb higher levels of CO2 from the atmosphere.

6. Ethical and Regulatory Considerations While biotechnology presents numerous benefits, ethical concerns surrounding genetic modifications, biodiversity, and consumer safety must be addressed. Regulatory bodies such as the FDA, USDA, and WHO enforce safety standards for biotech applications.

7. Future Directions

Next-generation gene editing for more precise modifications.
- Synthetic biology for developing entirely new biological systems.
  - AI and big data for optimizing biotech research and applications.

8. Conclusion Plant and animal biotechnology play a pivotal role in ensuring global food security, sustainability, and disease resistance. While challenges remain, continued innovation, responsible regulation, and ethical considerations will shape the future of biotechnology.

References [List of relevant academic papers, regulatory documents, and industry reports]

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Industrial Application on Plant and Animal Biotechnology

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White Paper on Plant and Animal Biotechnology

2. Key Developments in Plant Biotechnology

2.1 Genetically Modified (GM) Crops

GM crops have been developed to improve resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. Examples include:

Bt Cotton: Engineered with Bacillus thuringiensis genes for pest resistance.
- Golden Rice: Enriched with beta-carotene to combat Vitamin A deficiency.
  - Drought-Tolerant Maize: Engineered for resilience in water-scarce regions.

2.2 Gene Editing Technologies

CRISPR-Cas9 has enabled precise modifications in plant genomes, enhancing nutritional value and reducing allergens in crops such as wheat and soybeans.

2.3 Biofortification

Biofortification increases the nutrient content of crops through genetic modification, improving public health outcomes. Notable examples include iron-enriched beans and zinc-enhanced rice.

3. Key Developments in Animal Biotechnology

3.1 Disease-Resistant Livestock

CRISPR technology has produced disease-resistant animals, such as pigs resistant to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), reducing economic losses in agriculture.

3.2 Cloning and Reproductive Technologies

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) cloning techniques have been used to replicate high-performing livestock, ensuring consistent productivity and disease resistance.

3.3 Lab-Grown Meat

Cultured meat, derived from animal cells without slaughter, presents a sustainable alternative to traditional livestock farming, reducing environmental impact and ethical concerns.

4. Environmental and Economic Impact

4.1 Sustainable Agriculture

Reduction in pesticide and herbicide use through pest-resistant crops.
- Conservation of water resources through drought-resistant crops.
  - Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions via sustainable livestock practices.

4.2 Economic Benefits

Increased yields and profitability for farmers.
- Reduced costs of disease treatment in livestock.
  - Expansion of biotech-driven markets and job creation.

5. Industrial Applications of Plant and Animal Biotechnology

5.1 Pharmaceutical Industry

Biopharmaceuticals: Production of medicines like insulin and vaccines using genetically modified plants and animals.
- Gene Therapy: Use of biotech-modified animals for developing advanced gene-based treatments.

5.2 Agricultural Industry

Precision Farming: Integration of biotech crops with AI and IoT for optimized agricultural practices.
- Sustainable Pest Control: Use of biopesticides derived from genetically modified organisms.

5.3 Food Industry

Fortified Foods: Development of biofortified crops to enhance nutritional content.
- Alternative Proteins: Lab-grown meat and plant-based meat substitutes for sustainable food production.

5.4 Environmental Biotechnology

Bioremediation: Use of genetically engineered plants and microbes to clean up pollutants.
- Carbon Sequestration: Development of bioengineered plants to absorb higher levels of CO2 from the atmosphere.

7. Future Directions

Next-generation gene editing for more precise modifications.
- Synthetic biology for developing entirely new biological systems.
  - AI and big data for optimizing biotech research and applications.

References [List of relevant academic papers, regulatory documents, and industry reports]

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References and notes

[edit]

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^ Nicolia, Alessandro; Manzo, Alberto; Veronesi, Fabio; Rosellini, Daniele (2013). “An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research” (PDF). Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 34 (1): 77–88. doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595. PMID 24041244. S2CID 9836802. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly connected with the use of GM crops.

The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.
^ “State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019. Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants – mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape – without any observed adverse effects (ICSU).
^ Ronald, Pamela (May 1, 2011). “Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security”. Genetics. 188 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553. PMC 3120150. PMID 21546547. There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union’s scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).
^But see also:Domingo, José L.; Bordonaba, Jordi Giné (2011). “A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants” (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–742. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.Krimsky, Sheldon (2015). “An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment”. Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story.And contrast:Panchin, Alexander Y.; Tuzhikov, Alexander I. (January 14, 2016). “Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons”. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. ISSN 0738-8551. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594. Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.andYang, Y.T.; Chen, B. (2016). “Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health”. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96 (4): 1851–1855. Bibcode:2016JSFA…96.1851Y. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7523. PMID 26536836. It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA (citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011). Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food… Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date.

Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.
^ “Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods” (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. October 20, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2019. The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: “The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies.” The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.

Pinholster, Ginger (October 25, 2012). “AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could “Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers”” (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
^ European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010). A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010) (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union. doi:10.2777/97784. ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
^ “AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods”. American Medical Association. January 2001. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2019 – via International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications.“Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods” (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 7, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
^ “Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion”. Library of Congress. June 30, 2015. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019. Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the National Research Council, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US’s approach to regulating GMOs.
^ National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149. doi:10.17226/23395. ISBN 978-0-309-43738-7. PMID 28230933. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2019. Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops: On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.
^ “Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods”. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2019. Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM foods.

GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have been approved. Continuous application of safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and, where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods.
^ Haslberger, Alexander G. (2003). “Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects”. Nature Biotechnology. 21 (7): 739–741. doi:10.1038/nbt0703-739. PMID 12833088. S2CID 2533628. These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.
^ Some medical organizations, including the British Medical Association, advocate further caution based upon the precautionary principle:

“Genetically modified foods and health: a second interim statement” (PDF). British Medical Association. March 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2019. In our view, the potential for GM foods to cause harmful health effects is very small and many of the concerns expressed apply with equal vigour to conventionally derived foods. However, safety concerns cannot, as yet, be dismissed completely on the basis of information currently available.

When seeking to optimise the balance between benefits and risks, it is prudent to err on the side of caution and, above all, learn from accumulating knowledge and experience. Any new technology such as genetic modification must be examined for possible benefits and risks to human health and the environment. As with all novel foods, safety assessments in relation to GM foods must be made on a case-by-case basis.

Members of the GM jury project were briefed on various aspects of genetic modification by a diverse group of acknowledged experts in the relevant subjects. The GM jury reached the conclusion that the sale of GM foods currently available should be halted and the moratorium on commercial growth of GM crops should be continued. These conclusions were based on the precautionary principle and lack of evidence of any benefit. The Jury expressed concern over the impact of GM crops on farming, the environment, food safety and other potential health effects.

The Royal Society review (2002) concluded that the risks to human health associated with the use of specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible, and while calling for caution in the introduction of potential allergens into food crops, stressed the absence of evidence that commercially available GM foods cause clinical allergic manifestations. The BMA shares the view that there is no robust evidence to prove that GM foods are unsafe but we endorse the call for further research and surveillance to provide convincing evidence of safety and benefit.
^ Funk, Cary; Rainie, Lee (January 29, 2015). “Public and Scientists’ Views on Science and Society”. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019. The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage points.
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